A structural member which reinforces a collar beam in medieval roof framing.

A horizontal member which ties together (and stiffens) two opposite common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the

Mechanical failure of cells in wood, usually caused by abnormal or forced drying.

A type of corrosion-proof tape which is wrapped around a pipe without the application of heat.

The plastic deformation of metal at or near room temperature; this shaping is usually carried out by drawing, pressing, rolling,